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Question

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the constitutional amendment process in India?

1. Article 368 provides for amendments by special majority and also by special majority with ratification by half of the states.
2. Amendments under Article 368 require a joint sitting of both Houses in case of disagreement.
3. Some provisions of the Constitution can be amended by a simple majority of Parliament and are not considered amendments under Article 368.

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3

Answer:

Option C: 1 and 3 only

Detailed Solution:

The correct answer is “1 and 3 only”.

Statement 1 is correct. Article 368 provides for two procedures: (i) by special majority; and (ii) by special majority plus ratification by half the states.

Statement 2 is incorrect. There is no provision for a joint sitting in case of disagreement between the two Houses regarding a constitutional amendment bill.

Statement 3 is correct. Some amendments (e.g., formation of new states) are done through simple majority and are not considered formal amendments under Article 368.